Over the next 35 years, farmers will need to increase the world’s annual production of maize, rice and wheat to an estimated 3 billion tons, or half a billion tons more than 2013’s record cereal harvest. And they will need to do that with less water, fossil fuel, and agrochemicals; on farmland that has been widely degraded by decades of intensive crop production; and in the face of droughts, new pest and disease threats, and extreme weather events provoked by climate change.
Reconfiguring cereals-based farming systems to cope with those challenges was the subject of a three-day forum that brought together some of the world’s leading crop production specialists at the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome this week.
The experts’ verdict is: “It can be done” – but not without a transition to eco-friendly agriculture that achieves higher productivity while conserving natural resources, adapting to climate change, and delivering economic benefits to the world’s 500 million small-scale family farms.
The forum focused on maize, rice and wheat because those three crops are fundamental to world food security, providing 50 percent of humanity’s dietary energy supply. Cereals are also increasingly vulnerable: climate trends since 1980 have reduced the annual global maize harvest by an estimated 23 million tons, and the wheat harvest by 33 million tons. Green Revolution cereal yield increases, once averaging a spectacular 3 percent a year, have fallen to around 1 percent since 2000.
In Asia, the degradation of soils and the buildup of toxins in intensive paddy systems have raised concerns that the slowdown in yield growth reflects a deteriorating crop-growing environment.
The FAO meeting agreed that agriculture can no longer rely on input-intensive agriculture to increase crop production. Improved varieties of maize, rice and wheat must go hand-in-hand with what FAO calls “Save and Grow” farming systems that keep soil healthy, integrate crop, tree and animal production, use water far more efficiently, and protect crops with integrated pest management.
Papers presented provided an inventory of proven ecosystem-based farming technologies and practices, including:
- In Viet Nam, more than a million small-scale farmers have adopted the System of Rice Intensification, which produces high yields using less fertilizer, water and seed than conventional irrigated rice
- In China, planting genetically diverse rice varieties in the same field has cut fungal disease incidence so significantly, compared to monocropped rice, that many farmers were able to stop spraying fungicide
- In southern India, site-specific nutrient management, which matches nitrogen inputs to plants’ real needs, has reduced fertilizer applications and costs, while increasing wheat yields by 40 percent
- The elimination of soil tillage on wheat land in central Morocco cut water runoff volume by 30% and sediment loss by 70%, leading to increased water holding capacity that boosts crop productivity in drier seasons
- In Zimbabwe, conservation agriculture has helped smallholder farmers produce up to eight times more maize per hectare than the national average.
- Farmers in Zambia grow an acacia tree, Faidherbia albida, near maize fields, and use its nitrogen-rich leaves as natural fertilizer and a protective mulch during the rainy season, resulting in a threefold increase in yields.
The challenge facing policymakers is to accelerate the adoption of “Save and Grow” farming systems. One clear need flagged by the forum was greater support to smallholder farmers adapting ecosystem-based farming practices to local conditions, which will require considerable upgrading of extension services and approaches that reduce the transaction costs of knowledge sharing, such as farmers’ field schools.
The FAO forum was attended by crop production specialists from AfricaRice, CIMMYT, FAO, ICARDA, IWMI, IRRI, and agricultural development institutions in Asia and Latin America. Their findings will be presented in a policymakers’ guide, Save and Grow: Maize, rice and wheat, to be published in 2015.
